The exhaust pipe is a part of the engine exhaust system. The exhaust system mainly includes exhaust manifold, exhaust pipe and silencer.

The exhaust pipe is a part of the engine exhaust system. The exhaust system mainly includes exhaust manifold, exhaust pipe and silencer.

The exhaust pipe is a part of the engine exhaust system. The exhaust system mainly includes exhaust manifold, exhaust pipe and silencer.

The exhaust pipe is a part of the engine exhaust system. The exhaust system mainly includes exhaust manifold, exhaust pipe and silencer.

The exhaust pipe is a part of the engine exhaust system. The exhaust system mainly includes exhaust manifold, exhaust pipe and silencer.

The exhaust pipe is a part of the engine exhaust system. The exhaust system mainly includes exhaust manifold, exhaust pipe and silencer.

The subframe can be regarded as the skeleton of the front and rear axles and is an integral part of the front and rear axles. The subframe is not a complete frame, but a support supporting the front and rear axles and suspension

The shell mainly resists the external load by the midplane stress evenly distributed along the thickness, rather than the bending stress varying along the thickness.